I just read a study (http://web.subr.edu/fileadmin/files/...ing_Market.pdf) suggesting opening lines are more efficient than closing lines:
"The zθ-values in table I display a distinct pattern suggesting bookmakers assess win probabilities with greater precision than gamblers. If zθ > 0 then θ > π implying ε < 0 and p1Ν > p1 which occurs generally for the weak favorites displayed in the top half of table I. For strong favorites displayed in the bottom half of table I the tendency is for p1Ν < p1 . Thus, given balanced book pricing, p1Ν is biased somewhat toward the median
π-value suggesting that gamblers are less adept at assessing win probabilities than bookies." p.6
Do any books simply set a line, then live or die by what they believe? Surely, such books would hate winners.