because schools didnt teach the rights to you i will post them

**OldBill** · 08-09-22, 11:12 AM

Second Amendment [Right to Bear Arms (1791)]

For over 200 years, despite extensive debate and much legislative action with respect to regulation of the purchase, possession, and transportation of firearms, as well as proposals to substantially curtail ownership of firearms, there was no definitive resolution by the courts of just what right the Second Amendment protects. The Second Amendment is naturally divided into two parts: its prefatory clause ( “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State” ) and its operative clause ( “the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed” ). To perhaps oversimplify the opposing arguments, the “states’ rights” thesis emphasized the importance of the prefatory clause, arguing that the purpose of the clause was to protect the states in their authority to maintain formal, organized militia units. The “individual rights” thesis emphasized the operative clause, so that individuals would be protected in the ownership, possession, and transportation of firearms.1 Whatever the Amendment meant, it was seen as a bar only to federal action, not state2 , cert. denied, 464 U.S. 863 (1983). or private3 restraints.

After that decision, Congress placed greater limitations on the receipt, possession, and transportation of firearms,8 -928. The Supreme Court’s dealings with these laws have all arisen in the context of prosecutions of persons purchasing or obtaining firearms in violation of prohibitions against such conduct by convicted felons. Lewis v. United States, 445 U.S. 55 (1980); Barrett v. United States, 423 U.S. 212 (1976); Scarborough v. United States, 431 U.S. 563 (1977); United States v. Bass, 404 U.S. 336 (1971). and proposals for national registration or prohibition of firearms altogether have been made.9 Miller, however, shed little light on the validity of such proposals. Pointing out that interest in the “character of the Second Amendment right has recently burgeoned,” Justice Thomas, concurring in the Court’s invalidation (on other grounds) of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, questioned whether the Second Amendment bars federal regulation of gun sales, and suggested that the Court might determine “at some future date . . . whether Justice Story was correct . . . that the right to bear arms has justly been considered, as the palladium of the liberties of a republic.’”

you cannot alter any rifle or hand gun to use for anything like a sawed off shotgun

**OldBill** · 08-09-22, 11:14 AM

Amendment IV

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

**OldBill** · 08-09-22, 11:16 AM

Amendment VIII

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.

Eighth Amendment

Most often mentioned in the context of the death penalty, the Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishments, but also mentions “excessive fines” and bail. The “excessive fines” clause surfaces (among other places) in cases of civil and criminal forfeiture, for example when property is seized during a drug raid.

Excessive Bail and Excessive Fines Charges
- Excessive Bail Prohibition
  - Excessive Bail Prohibition: Historical Background
  - Excessive Bail Prohibition: Doctrine and Practice
    - Excessive Bail Prohibition: Current Doctrine
- Excessive Fine Prohibition
  - Excessive Fine Prohibition: Doctrine and Practice
Cruel and Unusual
- Prohibition on the Infliction of Cruel and Unusual Punishments
- Death Penalty
  - Death Penalty: Overview
  - Death Penalty: Doctrine and Practice

**OldBill** · 08-09-22, 11:17 AM

read them all here

Bill of Rights

https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/billofrights